原创 德雄 田的生活号 2024-01-24 20:22 山东
今天，跟大家一起分享下外贸中常见的付款方式：T/T，L/C，Documentary collection（D/P、D/A），O/A。
T/T，Telegraphic Transfer，电汇，
……A telegraphic transfer is an electronic method of transferring funds, used primarily for overseas wire transactions.
Typically, a telegraphic transfer is complete within two to four business days, depending on the origin and destination of the transfer, as well as any currency-exchange requirements.
Telegraphic transfers are also known as telex transfers (TT), or more generically as wire transfers or electronic funds transfers……
电汇，古老而常用，需要注意电汇只是支付方式，本身没有预付、后付的意思，要跟客户具体约定好付款细节，例如常见的说法有：100% TT in advance，全款预付；partial TT in advance and balance against copy of shipping documents，部分预付，尾款见海运单据复印件，partial可以换成具体的比例，例如10%/20%/30%等；
L/C，Letter of Credit，信用证，
……A letter of credit, or a credit letter, is a letter from a bank guaranteeing that a buyer’s payment to a seller will be received on time and for the correct amount. If the buyer is unable to make a payment on the purchase, the bank will be required to cover the full or remaining amount of the purchase. It may be offered as a facility (financial assistance that is essentially a loan)……
信用证，是指由银行（开证行）依照（申请人的）要求和指示或自己主动，在符合信用证条款的条件下，凭规定单据向第三者（受益人）或其指定方进行付款的书面文件。即信用证是一种银行开立的有条件的承诺付款的书面文件。理论上，信用证是有银行担保感觉安全的很，现实却是不同国家的银行、外汇要求差距非常大，信用证并不一定安全，在国际业务面前，很多国家的银行从没拿脸当事，而且，信用证的费用远远高于电汇。
信用证按照不同的标准，衍生出的分类有很多很多，一般情况下我们接证，首先要不可撤销Irrevocable L/C，然后跟单Documentary Credit，再后就是即期at sight或者远期usance等，至于是否可转让（标了Transferable就是可转让，不标就是不可转让）、假远期等都是可以根据实际情况讨论的细节。
顺道，跟大家说一说信用证单据的缮制，交单的单据大家不要讲究美观和情感，按照信用证规定的内容显示即可，越死板越好，千万不要自己觉得，一定要看信用证怎么说。至于不符点，也不用太紧张，说白了只要客户接受就可以的，只不过要扣不符点费用。
Documentary collection，托收，是指在进出口贸易中，出口方开具以进口方为付款人的汇票，委托出口方银行通过其在进口方的分行或代理行向进口方收取货款的一种结算方式。包括D/P（付款交单）与D/A（承兑交单）。
……Documentary collection is method of trade finance in which an exporter's bank forwards documents to an importer's bank and collects payment for shipped goods……
1）D/P，Documents against Payment，付款交单，
……buyer is required to pay a seller’s sight draft in order to obtain shipping documents. Payment is made on presentation of the sight draft by a bank to the buyer, usually one or two weeks after shipment. Under D/P terms, the seller, through a bank acting as an agent, is able to retain control of the goods until the buyer pays. Under certain circumstances, such as to meet legal requirements of the importing country or to obtain a government permit for foreign exchange, the buyer will require possession of the documents before payment. The seller should inquire as to the practice in specific countries. Air shipments are often made under documentary bill collections. The buyer, as direct consignee of the non-negotiable air waybill, will be able to take possession of the goods before meeting his/her payment obligations……
DP，即期的托收，早年间大家会觉得风险大，但在信用证日风愈下的当前，有些外贸人在争得预付款后，也会做尾款DP的方式；
2）D/A，Documents against Acceptance，承兑交单，
……buyer is required to "accept" a seller’s time draft, thus acknowledging obligation to pay at a specific future date. The time of payment occurs at maturity of an accepted time draft, 30, 60 or 90 days after the date of acceptance or date of bill of lading……
DA，远期的托收，个人觉得风险跟赊销没什么区别；
无论DP还是DA，虽然都是通过银行交单，但是银行不承担任何责任和担保，在那些银行都不在意脸面的地方，托收的风险可想而知。
OA，Open Account，赊销，
……the buyer receives the goods from the exporter and pays at the end of the agreed credit period. The credit period can be a fixed duration, such as 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, or as mutually agreed upon. This payment method involves a time gap between the receipt of the purchase order and the receipt of payment, with various activities such as production and transportation taking place in between……
赊销的风险就不再多说了，做这个的都是王者或者有不得已的苦衷。
从2014年到现在，随着进口业务的增加，公司出口业务越来越严苛，接受的付款方式越来越少，慢慢的出口市场里也把巴铁、孟铁、南美账单铁都剔除出去了，前几日返沪年尾聚会，准备2024年逐渐恢复多付款方式和多市场的局面，寻找更多的出口业务可能。
以上就是外贸常见的付款方式，欢迎大家留言讨论，外贸人德雄陪大家一路同行！